i. List the fundamental principles of intra-articular fracture treatment ii. Explain how the failure of anatomic reduction in the treatment of an intra-articular fracture might adversely affect long term joint function iii. Describe examples of how specific implants are used to repair intra-articular fractures

This session will review the principles of joint fracture treatment and illustrate the biologic consequences of inadequate reconstruction of the articular surface.

i. List and describe the Salter-Harris classification scheme of growth plate fractures ii. Describe the surgical principles of treating growth plate fractures iii. Explain potential risks and complications of growth plate fractures

This session will introduce physeal anatomy, the Salter-Harris classification scheme and appropriate repair methods for physeal fractures. Complications of physeal injury will also be reviewed, however should not be the main focus of the lecture. Management of limb deformity due to Salter-Harris V injury will not be covered.

i. Describe the signalment and common causation of Salter-Harris Type IV fractures in dogs ii. List the key steps for fracture repair iii. Describe the consequence of failure to achieve anatomic reduction of the fracture iv. Define incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle and how it could impact fracture repair of the humeral condyle

This session will discuss the nuances of fracture assessment and repair of humeral condyle fractures. It will focus on Salter-Harris Type IV fractures and will provide an introduction to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle. A detailed discussion of T/Y fractures will not be covered.

i. Describe fracture configurations of physeal fractures based on orthogonal radiographs ii. Identify appropriate methods of fixation for physeal fractures iii. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of fracture fixation methods for physeal fractures iv. Assess healing of physeaal fractures

This interactive session will discuss advantages and disadvantages of fracture fixation methods in physeal fractures.

i. Describe and classify patterns of fractures involving the proximal femur ii. Identify preferable fixation methods for common fracture types iii. Describe potential complications that can occur after repair of fractures of the proximal femur

This session will introduce common fractures of the proximal femur. Indications for, surgical approaches to, and repair methods for fracture repair should be discussed.

i. Describe and classify patterns of fractures involving the distal femur and proximal tibia ii. Explain the principles of treatment of these fractures iii. Identify the challenges associated with the treatment of fractures of the stifle

This session will introduce common fractures of the distal femur. Indications for, surgical approaches to, and repair methods for fracture repair should be discussed.

i. Describe soft tissue injuries that can occur concurrent with pelvic fractures in small animals ii. Describe and classify patterns of pelvic fractures iii. Discuss which pelvic fractures require surgical stabilization iv. Explain repair options for common pelvic fractures

This session will introduce common fractures of the pelvis. Indications for, surgical approaches to, and repair methods for fracture repair should be discussed.

i. Identify and describe fracture configurations of joint and pelvic fractures ii. Discuss the pros and cons of various fracture fixation methods on clinical case examples of periarticular and articular fractures iii. Evaluate the immediate post-operative radiographs and assess the repair using the 4 A’s.

This interactive session will introduce clinical decision making of joint and pelvic fractures by presenting case examples complete with patient history, pre-operative and immediate post-operative radiographs. Cases may have >1 possible fixation method. Evaluation of the post-operative radiographs should include use of the 4 A’s.

i. List and describe the AAAA method of evaluating radiographic features of fracture repair ii. Apply the AAAA method of fracture assessment to post-operative radiographs from clinical cases iii. Identify the type of bone healing or failure of bone healing, that has taken place, based on radiographic assessment

This interactive session will discuss evaluation of the post-operative radiographs of fractures in various states of healing using the 4 A’s.

i. Define a delayed union and a non-union fracture and list common causes of delayed and non-union fractures ii. Describe the outcome of managing fractures of the radius and ulna in toy breed dogs with external coaptation iii. Describe clinical and radiographic signs of delayed union and non-union fractures iv. Identify treatment strategies for delayed and non-union fractures

This session will introduce the various causes and types of delayed and non-union fractures and provide an introduction to their management. A brief discussion of radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs should be included.

i. List and describe a classification scheme for open fractures ii. Identify the prognosis for the different types of open fractures iii. Describe appropriate treatment options for open fractures iv. List complications and describe appropriate management strategies to treat complication of open fractures

This session will review classification of open fractures and illustrate how this can be used to aid decision-making. Options for management will be discussed (i.e. are external fixators the only way?) and potential complications reviewed.

i. List effective prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of post-operative infection in clean orthopedic surgeries ii. Identify signs of a potential post-operative infection and describe a diagnostic plan iii. Describe the principles of management of established osteomyelitis

This session will review the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis following fracture repair.

i. List 3 major intraoperative steps involved in fracture repair and their potential pitfalls ii. Identify strategies to reduce the risk of technical errors iii. Identify technical errors on post-operative radiographs and formulate an appropriate action plan

This session will utilize interactive cases to illustrate technical errors and how they could be avoided.

i. Debate the need of implant removal after fracture healing ii. Describe the technique to remove a broken screw iii. List strategies to locate implants prior to removal

This session will review indications, risks, and benefits of implant removal following fracture repair.

i. Identify technical errors on the immediate post-operative radiographs and be able to predict subsequent complications ii. Debate management strategies to address complications in fracture repair iii. Discuss ways in which complications could have been avoided or minimized

This interactive session will discuss assessment and management of fracture complications by presenting case examples complete follow-up post-operative radiographs. All fracture types and repair methods may be illustrated; however, the focus should be on topics presented in this course and basic principles that were violated and resulted in a complication. Discussion of the management of the complication should involve the audience.